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Gemsbok

Gemsbok

Oryx gazella
  • Habitat

Overview

The gemsbok (or Oryx gazella) is a species of antelope, also sometimes called the South African oryx, that lives in the Kalahari and Namib deserts of Southern Africa. They are characterised by several visual features: long, slim and spiral horns, a black face with white markings over the eyes and muzzle, a grey-brown coat with black markings on the upper legs and back, as well as white socks. On average, Gemsbok stand between 1.1m and 1.3m tall at the shoulder, measure 1.9m to 2.4m long and have an average horn length of 85cm. The males are also slightly larger and significantly heavier at 220kg to 300kg than the females at 100kg to 210kg.

Gemsbok

Found in Southwest Africa

Appearance

Gemsbok

Male

Gemsbok

Female

Gemsbok

Juvenile

Colourmorphs

Albino male
Erythristic male
Albino female
Erythristic female
Albino juvenile
Erythristic juvenile

Size & weight

Size

Shoulder height: 1.15 m

Human
Male
Female

Weight

Male

260 kg

Female

155 kg

Bars use a log scale against the heaviest animal in the Zoopedia, the Common Hippopotamus.

Juvenile

Juvenile weight

56.88 kg

Measured as Shoulder height. The person stands 1.75 m tall for scale.

Habitat requirements

Barrier

Barrier grade

Grade 2 of 5

Minimum height

1.25 m minimum

1 m
Fence

Climbing & water

Climb proof

Not needed

Water barrier

Not allowed

Barriers at this grade

Barrier types with resistance grade 2.

Combine this animal with others in the barrier planner.

Barrier planner
Barrier types

Habitat needs

Minimum area

Land

270 m² + 40 m² per extra animal

Shelter

10 m² per animal

Environment

Temperature

14 to 41°C

Plant coverage

0-30%

Enclosure

Habitat

Dislikes

Snow

Terrain

  • Sand 0-20%
  • Soil 10-60%
  • Rock 0-20%
  • Long Grass 25-100%
  • Waterlogged 0-10%
  • Grass 30-100%

Conservation

IUCN Red List

Least concern

Least concern

Critically endangered

Wild population

373,000

373,000 in the wild. Rank 50 of 58 species with a known count, smallest first.

The gemsbok is listed as Least Concern, but like many other species still faces challenges from habitat loss and climate change. Human urban and agricultural expansion, as well as increased livestock grazing reduce the amount of intact savannah and arid grassland needed for foraging and seasonal migration. This fragmentation isolates groups and increases competition with domestic animals for more limited resources. These resources are further impacted by prolonged droughts and climate change. Unsustainable hunting and poaching for meat and trophies may also cause local declines. Conservation focuses on safeguarding habitats and reducing human-wildlife conflicts. Newly established wildlife corridors link reserves so gemsbok can access diverse grazing areas and water sources throughout seasonal cycles. Eco-tourism initiatives help provide incentives for local communities to support wildlife protection, and anti-poaching measures coupled with education campaigns reduce illegal hunting pressure. Additionally, translocations onto private game ranches have increased subpopulations in some areas.

Zoopedia sketchbook

Gemsbok

Social & reproduction

Keeper notes

A herd of Gemsbok numbers between 10 and 30. The females group together in interrelated herds with their young offspring, usually consisting of one dominant territorial male who joins the females for mating purposes. Young males form together into single sex bachelor herds until they are old enough to maintain their own territory and acquire a herd of females. Mature male gemsbok maintain a large territory, wherein they will gather 'harems' from the female groups that forage through it. The dominant male joins these groups, defending them from rival males and mating with receptive females. Gemsbok can mate year-round, and females in a herd are usually receptive around the same time. A gemsbok’s pregnancy lasts 8.5 months, after which a mother will give birth to one calf in solitude, away from the herd. The newborn will remain hidden in the bushland for the first 6 weeks. The calf will then rejoin the herd and begin to eat solid food, before weaning at 3.5 months-old and becoming independent around a month later. Calves reach sexual maturity at 2 years-old; the males leaving their natal herd to join an all-male bachelor group until they are old enough to maintain their own territory, usually from 5 years old onward, while the females remain with their mother’s herd.

Group and breeding

Group

Group name

Herd

Group size

5-10 (up to 1 male, up to 9 females)

Male bachelor group

1-10

Female bachelor group

1-10

Offspring dispersal

Male offspring

Lifecycle and breeding

Life expectancy

18-23 years

Age of sexual maturity

2 years

Age of sexual sterility

Death

Gestation or incubation

8.5 months

Interbirth period

10 months

Litter size

1

Mating system

Polygynous

Mating season

Aseasonal

Reproduction in captivity

Very Easy

Dominance

1 dominant male per group

Research

Research levels

LevelUnlocksResearch gate
Level 1Thriving Requirement 1: at least 5 objects or plants with the Shrub tag
Level 2Thriving Requirement 2: at least 2 objects or plants with the Trees tag; Gemsbok Fact Sheet
Level 3Release groups and release to the wild
Level 4Thriving Requirement 3: Food Grade 2; Fertility Level 1 (+15% fertility)Before this level: an Observation Network (Observation Platform) in Great Rift Valley Reserve and this species released in Great Rift Valley Reserve
Level 5Thriving Requirement 4: Grazing Ball Feeder, at least 2
Level 6Thriving Requirement 5: African Savannah Social Group; Fertility Level 2 (+30% fertility)

Researched by

Vets

Researched at

Habitat or exhibit and Research Centre

Wildlife Reserve

Great Rift Valley Reserve

Every level of this species' research, with its unlock conditions.

Full research tree

Release groups

Valid release groups

GroupTypeAnimals
Mixed GroupMixed group1 to 3 males, 5 to 13 females
Male Bachelor HerdMale group3 to 10 males

Release requirements

Requirement typeRequirement
Ecosystems RequiredSavannah

Ecosystems

Release groups, reserve requirements and the roles this species fills.

All release group details

Animal facts

  • Gemsbok can increase their body temperature to up to 45°C to cope with high environmental temperatures, and prevent water loss through sweating and panting.
  • Gemsbok have a low metabolic rate so they do not have to drink often. They can go through most of the year without drinking and by retaining water from their diet.
  • Female gemsbok have longer horns than male gemsbok.
  • There is often only a very short amount of time – a matter of weeks – between a female gemsbok giving birth and getting pregnant again.
  • Gemsbok horns were sold as unicorn horns in medieval England.

Taxonomy

Class

Mammalia

Order

Artiodactyla

Family

Bovidae

Genus

Oryx

Species

Oryx gazella
Gemsbok

Gemsbok

Oryx gazella

Class

Mammal

Found in

Africa

Least concern

LC

Enclosure

Habitat

Biomes

Grassland, Desert

Shoulder height

1.15 m

Weight

155 to 260 kg

Barrier grade

Revealed 14 Jul 2026

Base game

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